BeautifulNail

organic cotton goods

2006-10-30T15:50:00.000-08:00

Liv organic cotton goods are soft luxurious nad affordable and they have a huge range of organic clothing.

Earthenware

2005-04-03T19:35:00.000-07:00

Pottery that has not been fired to the point of vitrification and is thus slightly porous and coarser than stoneware and porcelain. The body can be covered completely or decorated with slip (a liquid clay mixture applied before firing) or it can be glazed. For both practical and decorative reasons, earthenware is usually glazed. To overcome its porosity

Tie-dyeing

2005-04-03T03:34:00.000-07:00

Method of dyeing by hand in which coloured patterns are produced in the fabric by gathering together many small portions of material and tying them tightly with string before immersing the cloth in the dyebath. The dye fails to penetrate the tied sections. After drying, the fabric is untied to reveal irregular circles, dots, and stripes. Varicoloured patterns may

Coral Reef

2005-04-03T00:56:00.000-08:00

Coral polyps resemble sea anemones, to which they are closely related, but, unlike most anemones, most reef corals are colonial. Initial polyps divide themselves into

Buber, Martin

2005-04-02T13:22:00.000-08:00

Buber's manifold activities were inspired by his philosophy of encounter—of man's meeting with other beings. An early mystical period culminated in Daniel (1913), five dialogues on orientation and realization, man's two basic stances toward the world. Orientation takes the world as a static state of affairs governed by comprehensible laws. It is a receptive, analytical,

Ammers-küller, Jo Van

2005-04-01T19:41:00.000-08:00

Van Ammers-Küller began her writing career as a playwright. Her first successful novels, Het huis der vreugden (1922; The House of Joy) and Jenny Huysten (1923; Jenny Huysten's Career), deal with life in and around the theatre and draw on her experiences as a dramatist in London from 1912 to 1921. Her most successful

Palenque

2005-04-01T03:22:00.000-08:00

Also called Guarine, Indian tribe of northern Venezuela at the time of the Spanish conquest (16th century). The Palenque were closely related to the neighbouring Cumanagoto (q.v.); their language probably belonged to the Arawakan family. They were a tropical-forest people known to eat human flesh, to be warlike, and to live in settlements surrounded by palisades (palenques). The Patángoro (q.v.

Rabbit

2005-03-31T23:41:00.000-08:00

Rabbits are ground dwellers that live

Mine

2005-03-30T14:51:00.000-08:00

In military and naval operations, a usually stationary explosive device that is designed to destroy personnel, ships, or vehicles when the latter come in contact with it. Submarine mines have been in use since the mid-19th century; land mines did not become a significant factor in warfare until a hundred years later.

Polar Bear Provincial Park

2005-03-30T04:53:00.000-08:00

Wilderness park, northern Ontario, Canada, on Hudson and James bays. A huge undeveloped area of 9,300 square miles (24,087 square km), it is the largest of Ontario's provincial parks; it was established in 1970. Polar Bear Provincial Park is accessible only by plane or boat, and travel within the park is restricted in order to help preserve the abundant wildlife, which includes caribou, bearded

India, Flag Of

2005-03-29T13:04:00.000-08:00

For decades the All-India Congress under the leadership of Mohandas K. Gandhi struggled to rally the millions of British-ruled peoples in the Indian subcontinent. Like similar movements in other countries, it early felt the need for a distinctive symbol that could represent its nationalist objectives. In 1921 a student named Pinglay Venkayya presented a flag design

Pauropod

2005-03-28T22:58:00.000-08:00

Pauropods range in length from 0.5 to 2 mm (0.02 to 0.08 inch). The pauropod

Brazil, Minerals

2005-03-28T05:56:00.000-08:00

Brazil contains extremely rich mineral reserves that are only partly exploited, including iron ore, tin, copper, pyrochlore (from which ferroniobium is derived), and bauxite. There are also significant amounts of granite, manganese, asbestos, gold, gemstones, quartz, tantalum, and kaolin (china clay). Most industrial minerals are concentrated in Minas Gerais and

France, History Of, Loss of political freedom

2005-03-26T21:10:00.000-08:00

Politics during the Directory had been marked by an unwholesome combination of ferocious partisanship and massive apathy. Weary of political turmoil and disillusioned by politicians of all kinds, most Frenchmen now accepted the disappearance of political freedom and participation with equanimity. The few who still cared passionately enough to resist collided

Bellanca, Dorothy Jacobs

2005-03-26T13:54:00.000-08:00

Dorothy Jacobs immigrated with her family to the United States from Latvia in 1900. They settled in Baltimore, Maryland. At age 13 Jacobs left school and went to work in a clothing factory. Working conditions quickly led her to the cause

Bussy-rabutin, Roger De

2005-03-25T21:12:00.000-08:00

During the civil wars of the Fronde (uprisings against the government of Cardinal Mazarin), Bussy-Rabutin served first the rebels, then

Ear, Human, Ascending pathways

2005-03-25T09:54:00.000-08:00

The central auditory pathways extend from the medulla to the cerebral cortex. They consist of a series of nuclei (groups of nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system similar to a peripheral ganglion) connected by fibre tracts made up of their axons (processes that convey signals away from the cell bodies). This complex chain of nerve cells helps to process and

Pius Iii

2005-03-24T03:47:00.000-08:00

He was made archbishop of Siena and cardinal deacon in 1460 by his uncle, Pope Pius II (formerly Cardinal Aneas Silvius Piccolomini), who permitted him to assume the name and arms of the Piccolomini. He was employed by subsequent popes in several important legations, as by Paul II at the Diet of

World War I, Killed, wounded, and missing

2005-03-23T01:58:00.000-08:00

The casualties suffered by the participants in World War I dwarfed those of previous wars: some 8,500,000 soldiers died as a result of wounds and/or disease. The greatest number of casualties and wounds were inflicted by artillery, followed by small arms, and then by poison gas. The bayonet, which was relied on by the prewar French Army as the decisive weapon, actually produced

Abakaliki

2005-03-23T01:48:00.000-08:00

Town, Enugu state, southeastern Nigeria. It lies at the intersection of roads from Enugu, Afikpo, and Ogoja. An agricultural trade centre (yams, cassava, rice, and palm oil and kernels) for the Igbo (Ibo) people, the town is located in an area known for its lead, zinc, and limestone deposits. Lead has been mined since precolonial times, and limestone is quarried for a cement plant

Karadjordjevic Dynasty

2005-03-22T14:46:00.000-08:00

The first prince, Alexander (son of Karadjordje), reigned from 1842 to 1858. Thereafter, for

Sinkiang, Uygur Autonomous Region Of, Cultural life

2005-03-21T11:12:00.000-08:00

The indigenous peoples of Sinkiang exhibit their own cultures. The dominant Uighur are sedentary farmers whose social organization is centred upon the village. Many of the important Uighur cultural forms are rooted in Islam. Spoken Uighur predominates despite the popularization of Chinese. Islam itself has revived since the antireligious onslaught of the Cultural

Newton

2005-03-20T19:35:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1872) of Harvey county, central Kansas, U.S. Founded in 1871 and named for Newton, Massachusetts, it was a railhead for the Chisholm Trail cattle drives from 1871 to 1873, when it was designated a division point of the Santa Fe Railroad. In the 1870s Russian Mennonite settlers began raising Turkey Red hard winter wheat brought from their homeland, and this variety became Kansas's principal

China, The Northern Expedition

2005-03-20T14:36:00.000-08:00

In the Northern Expedition the outnumbered southern forces were infused with revolutionary spirit and fought with great élan. They were assisted by propaganda corps, which subverted enemy troops and agitated among the populace in the enemy's rear. Soviet military advisers accompanied most of the divisions, and Soviet pilots reconnoitred the enemy positions.

Mcminnville

2005-03-19T22:15:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1886) of Yamhill county, northwestern Oregon, U.S., on the South Yamhill River. Settled in 1844 and named for McMinnville, Tennessee, it developed as a service centre for Yamhill Valley farmers. Linfield College (1849), affiliated with the American Baptist Churches, sponsors the Linfield Research Institute, a scientific laboratory. The economy is geared to lumber and food-processing

Cromwell, Thomas, Earl Of Essex, Baron Cromwell Of Okeham

2005-03-18T22:20:00.000-08:00

Principal adviser (1532–40) to England's Henry VIII, chiefly responsible for establishing the Reformation in England, for the dissolution of the monasteries, and for strengthening the royal administration. At the instigation of his enemies he was eventually arrested for heresy and treason and executed.

Béjart Family

2005-03-18T02:47:00.000-08:00

Joseph Béjart (c. 1617–59) was a strolling player and later a member of Molière's first company (the Illustre Théâtre). Joseph accompanied Molière in his theatrical wanderings and was with him when

Wandiwash, Battle Of

2005-03-18T01:14:00.000-08:00

Lally, cut off from sea support by the withdrawal of Admiral d'Aché's fleet and hampered by lack of funds and dissensions among his troops, tried

Cradle Mountain

2005-03-17T18:41:00.000-08:00

Mountain situated at the northern boundary of the 622-square-mile (1,611-square-kilometre) Cradle Mountain–Lake St. Clair National Park, in northwest-central Tasmania, Australia. Located on Tasmania's central plateau, its lava basalt peak rises to 5,069 feet (1,545 m). It is an arête (narrow ridge) that resembles a cradle, hence the name. The mountain was reportedly first scaled either by Henry

Ear Disease, Eczema

2005-03-17T13:54:00.000-08:00

Eczema of the skin of the outer ear, like eczema elsewhere, is an itching, scaling redness, sometimes with weeping of the affected skin. It is often the result of an allergy to a food or substance such as hair spray that comes in contact with the skin. The best treatment is discovery and avoidance of the allergen. Cortisone ointment applied topically may temporarily relieve

Roman Empire, Eastern

2005-03-17T05:05:00.000-08:00

The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which maintained itself for a thousand years after the western half broke up in the late 5th century AD. The eastern half survived until 1453 as the Byzantine Empire (q.v.).

Sea Pansy

2005-03-15T18:01:00.000-08:00

Any of certain marine animals of the sea pen (q.v.) group.

Ancient Rome, Barbarian kingdoms

2005-03-15T17:39:00.000-08:00

Several barbarian kingdoms were then set up: in Africa, Gaiseric's kingdom of the Vandals; in Spain and in Gaul as far as the Loire, the Visigothic kingdom; and farther to the north, the kingdoms of the Salian Franks and the Alemanni. The barbarians were everywhere a small minority. They established themselves on the great estates and divided the land to the benefit of

Chandler, Raymond

2005-03-14T20:13:00.000-08:00

From 1896 to 1912 Chandler lived in England with his mother, a British subject of Irish birth. Although he was an American

United Evangelical Lutheran Church

2005-03-14T14:20:00.000-08:00

Church organized in 1896 in Minneapolis, Minn., as the United Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America by merger of the Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America (the North Church) and the Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church Association in America (the Blair Church). “Danish” was dropped from the church's name in 1946. Both of the merging groups had earlier separated

Sa'adia Ben Joseph

2005-03-13T02:13:00.000-08:00

Arabic Sa'id Ibn Yusuf Al-fayyumi Jewish exegete, philosopher, and polemicist whose influence on Jewish literary and communal activities made him one of the most important Jewish scholars of his time. His unique qualities became especially apparent in 921 in Babylonia during a dispute over Jewish calendrical calculations. He produced his greatest

Kamerny Theatre

2005-03-13T00:25:00.000-08:00

Russian Kamerny Teatr, small, intimate theatre founded in Moscow in 1914 by the Russian director Aleksandr Tairov (q.v.) to support his experimental synthetic theatre that incorporated all theatrical arts—ballet, opera, music, mime, and drama—as an alternative to the naturalistic presentations of Konstantin Stanislavsky's realism at the Moscow Art Theatre. Instead of staging plays of everyday

Bacchylides

2005-03-12T10:34:00.000-08:00

Greek lyric poet of the Aegean island of Ceos, nephew of the poet Simonides and a younger contemporary of the Boeotian poet Pindar, whom he rivaled in the composition of epinician poems (odes commissioned by victors at the major athletic festivals). Little was known of Bacchylides' work until the discovery in Egypt of papyrus fragments that reached the

Aichinger, Gregor

2005-03-12T00:03:00.000-08:00

Aichinger took holy orders and became organist to the family of Jakob Fugger at Augsburg from 1584. He visited Italy in 1584–87 and again in 1598–1600. His music is chiefly choral and ecclesiastical, set to Latin

Joachim, Joseph

2005-03-11T15:14:00.000-08:00

Joachim first studied at Budapest, and at age seven he appeared with his teacher S. Serwaczynski. In 1844 he visited London, where he was sponsored by Mendelssohn and achieved an outstanding success.

Roman

2005-03-11T08:47:00.000-08:00

When the art of printing from movable metal type was perfected midway through the 15th century, letter cutters attempted to make their letter forms

Nervous System, Human, Facial nerve (CN VII or 7)

2005-03-10T22:01:00.000-08:00

From the facial nucleus in the pons, facial motor fibres enter the internal auditory meatus, pass through the temporal bone, exit the skull via the stylomastoid foramen, and fan out over each side

Acaraí Mountains

2005-03-10T02:24:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Acarahy, or Akarai, Portuguese Serra Acaraí, low range on the border of Brazil (Pará state) and southern Guyana. The mountains, which rise to about 2,000 feet (600 m) above sea level, run in an east–west direction for about 80 miles (130 km) and form part of the northern watershed of the Amazon Basin. The whole area is covered with dense tropical rain forest and was mapped by satellite in the late 1970s.

Gaelic Revival

2005-03-09T16:31:00.000-08:00

Resurgence of interest in Irish language, literature, history, and folklore inspired by the growing Irish nationalism of the early 19th century. By that time Gaelic had died out as a spoken tongue except in isolated rural areas; English had become the official and literary language of Ireland. The discovery by philologists of how to read Old Irish (written prior to 900) and

Bonaparte, (marie-anne-)élisa

2005-03-08T09:18:00.000-08:00

She was married on May 1, 1797, to Félix Baciocchi, a member of a Corsican noble family. Napoleon gave her the principality of Piombino in March 1805 and the principality of Lucca in the following June and finally, in March 1809, made her grand duchess of Tuscany. Her pride and ability had great

Phocis

2005-03-08T02:21:00.000-08:00

Modern Greek Fokís, district of ancient central Greece, extending northward from the Gulf of Corinth over the range of Mount Parnassus to the Locrian Mountains, which formed the northern frontier. In the fertile Cephissus River valley, between the two mountain ranges, lay most of the Phocian settlements: Amphicleia (or Amphicaea), Tithorea, Elatea, Hyampolis, Abae, and Daulis. A mountain

Japan

2005-03-08T00:08:00.000-08:00

Japanese Nihon or Nippon country lying off the east coast of Asia. It consists of a great string of islands in a northeast-southwest arc that stretches for approximately 1,500 miles (2,400 km) through the western Pacific Ocean. Japan has a total land area of 145,903 square miles (377,887 square km). Nearly this entire area is taken up by the country's four main islands; from north to south these are Hokkaido (Hokkaido), Honshu

Csokonai Vitéz, Mihály

2005-03-06T23:06:00.000-08:00

Csokonai's early sympathies with the revolutionary trends of his age made life difficult for him in the wave of reaction that accompanied Napoleon's invasion of Europe. Dismissed after a brief career as an assistant master at the Calvinist college in Debrecen, he became a wandering

Czechowicz, Józef

2005-03-06T22:49:00.000-08:00

The son of a poor family, Czechowicz was educated at a teachers' college. His poetry is characterized by sensitivity to both urban and rural landscapes and by his love of folk culture. His style is ostentatiously modern and remarkable for its verbal economy, but his poems remain expressive because

Requena

2005-03-06T22:21:00.000-08:00

City, Valencia provincia and comunidad autónoma (“autonomous community”), eastern Spain. Overlooking the left bank of the Magro River, the city, 2,270 feet (692 metres) above sea level, commands the Utiel plain. Settlement of Requena's site dates from antiquity; there are remains of Phoenician, Greek, Roman, and Muslim occupation. During the 12th and 13th centuries the city was a battleground

Kadavu

2005-03-06T07:02:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Kandavu island of Fiji, in the South Pacific, 50 miles (80 km) south of Vitu Levu, across the Kadavu Passage. It was visited by the British naval captain William Bligh in 1792. Volcanic in origin, Kadavu has an area of 158 square miles (409 square km) and is bisected by a central mountain ridge with fertile slopes; it rises to 2,749 feet (838 m) at Ndelainambukelevu (Mount Washington). Timber from the forested central

Zoroastrianism

2005-03-05T16:34:00.000-08:00

Zoroastrianism is not the purely ethical religion it may at first seem. In practice, despite the doctrine of free choice, a Zoroastrian is so constantly involved in a meticulous struggle against the contamination of death and the thousand causes of defilement, and against the threat, even in his sleep, of ever-present demons, that he does not often believe that he is

Maarib

2005-03-05T10:36:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Maariv, plural Maaribim, or Maarivim, Hebrew Ma'ariv (“who brings on twilight”), Jewish evening prayers recited after sunset; the name derives from one of the opening words of the first prayer. Maarib consists essentially of the Shema, with its accompanying benedictions, and the amidah. The Shema expresses the central theme of Jewish worship: “Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God is one Lord” (Deuteronomy 6:4), while the amidah is composed

Masaya

2005-03-05T08:01:00.000-08:00

City, southwestern Nicaragua, at the eastern foot of Masaya Volcano, just east of the small Lake Masaya in the rift valley between Lakes Nicaragua and Managua. Masaya serves as a commercial and manufacturing centre for the rich agricultural hinterland. The large Indian population is known for its handicraft industries and festivals; other manufactures include

Quintana Roo

2005-03-04T11:48:00.000-08:00

State, Yucatán Peninsula, southeastern Mexico. Situated on the eastern side of the peninsula, it is bounded by the Caribbean Sea (east), by Belize (south), and by Campeche and Yucatán (west); its northern shore is on the Yucatán Channel between the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. Quintana Roo, with an area of 19,397 square miles (50,212 square km), is a hot, humid, and heavily forested limestone

Orage, Alfred Richard

2005-03-03T03:48:00.000-08:00

Orage became an elementary school teacher at Leeds, Yorkshire, in 1893, lectured on theosophy, and in 1900 helped found the avant-garde Leeds Arts Club. He moved to London in 1906 and became joint editor in 1907 of The New Age, a periodical of which from 1909 on he was the sole editor and dominant spirit. The New

Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich

2005-03-03T01:37:00.000-08:00

Succeeding his father as head of a sugar factory in 1764, Jacobi joined the governing council of the duchies of Jülich and Berg (1772). With the German

Tunnels And Underground Excavations, Basic tunneling system

2005-03-02T16:36:00.000-08:00

Tunnels are generally grouped in four broad categories, depending on the material through which they pass: soft ground, consisting of soil and very weak rock; hard rock; soft rock, such as shale, chalk, and friable sandstone; and subaqueous. While these four broad types of ground condition require very different methods of excavation and ground support, nearly all tunneling

Shahjahanpur

2005-03-02T15:47:00.000-08:00

Town, north-central, Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies southeast of Bareilly, on the Deotta River, about 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Lucknow. The town was founded in 1647 and named for the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. It is a road and rail junction and an agricultural trade centre. Its industries include carpet weaving, distilling, sugar milling, and chemical

Uthagamandalam

2005-03-01T05:50:00.000-08:00

Formerly Ootacamund, town, administrative headquarters of Nilgiri district, Tamil Nadu state, southeastern India, in the Nilgiri Hills, at about 7,500 ft (2,300 m) above sea level. It is sheltered by several peaks, including Doda Betta (8,652 ft), the highest point in Tamil Nadu. Founded by the British in 1821, it was used as the official government summer headquarters for the Madras Presidency until Indian independence

Allen, Bog Of

2005-03-01T01:36:00.000-08:00

Irish Móin Alúine group of peat bogs between the Liffey and the Shannon rivers in east-central Ireland in Counties Kildare, Offaly, Laoighis, and Westmeath. Some 370 square miles (958 square km) in area, it is developed extensively for fuel for power stations; the cutover land is used for grazing. The bogs are traversed by the Grand and Royal canals, the latter no longer in use. An early monastic site

Obversion

2005-03-01T01:34:00.000-08:00

In syllogistic, or traditional, logic, transformation of a categorical proposition (q.v.), or statement, into a new proposition in which (1) the subject term is unchanged, (2) the predicate is replaced by its contradictory, and (3) the quality of the proposition is changed from affirmative to negative or vice versa. Thus the obverse of “Every man is mortal” is “No man is immortal.” Because

Dunqulah

2005-02-28T23:17:00.000-08:00

The historic town of Old Dunqulah (Dunqulah al-'Ajuz) was situated on the

Animal Development

2005-02-27T16:01:00.000-08:00

The processes that lead eventually to the formation of a new animal starting from cells derived from one or more parent individuals. Development thus occurs following the process by which a new generation of organisms is produced by the parent generation.

Holmes, Sherlock

2005-02-27T15:51:00.000-08:00

Fictional character created by the Scottish writer Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The prototype for the modern mastermind detective, Holmes first appeared in Conan Doyle's

Lokoja

2005-02-26T11:28:00.000-08:00

Town and river port, capital of Kogi state, south-central Nigeria, on the west bank of the Niger River opposite the mouth of the Benue River. British merchants established a trading post at the Benue-Niger confluence in the late 1850s; and in 1860 William Balfour Baikie, the Scottish explorer, founded Lokoja. Besides being an important commercial settlement, the site (originally

Conductor

2005-02-26T03:35:00.000-08:00

In music, a person who conducts an orchestra, chorus, opera company, ballet, or other musical group in the performance and interpretation of ensemble works. At the most fundamental level, a conductor must stress the musical pulse so that all the performers can follow the same metrical rhythm. The keeping of this rhythmic beat is accomplished by a stylized set of arm

Neo-expressionism

2005-02-25T16:21:00.000-08:00

Diverse art movement (chiefly of painters) that dominated the art market in Europe and the United States during the early and mid-1980s. Neo-Expressionism comprised a varied assemblage of young artists who had returned to portraying the human body and other recognizable objects, in reaction to the remote, introverted, highly intellectualized abstract art production

Sweetsop

2005-02-25T15:56:00.000-08:00

Also called Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa), small tree or shrub of the custard apple, or Annonaceae, family. It has thin, oblong ovate leaves, solitary greenish flowers, and a yellowish green fruit resembling a shortened pinecone. The tuberculate fruit, the fusion of many ripened ovaries and the receptacle, is 7.5 to 10 cm (3 to 4 inches) in diameter and contains a sweet, creamy-yellow, custardlike

Literature

2005-02-24T07:09:00.000-08:00

The Turkish literary field proved fertile in 2001. Many impressive works of fiction with wide-ranging themes and topics appeared, including Ahmet Altan's Isyan günlerinde ask (“Love in Days of Rebellion”), about an early 20th-century fundamentalist uprising; Buket Uzuner's Uzun beyaz bulut—Gelibolu (“Tall White Cloud—Gallipoli”); Ayla Kutlu's Zehir zikkim hikâyeler (“Bitter

Ha Long Bay

2005-02-23T05:30:00.000-08:00

Vietnamese Vinh Ha Long (“Where the Dragon Descends to the Sea”),

Portico

2005-02-23T05:17:00.000-08:00

The portico is a principal feature of Greek temple architecture and thus a prominent element in Roman and all subsequent classically inspired structures. The types of portico furnish the main terms

Wadi Al-jadid, Al-

2005-02-20T14:07:00.000-08:00

(English: “New Valley”), desert muhafazah (governorate), Egypt. It includes the entire southwestern quadrant of the country, from the Nile River valley (east) to the frontiers with The Sudan (south) and Libya (west). Its total area covers approximately two-fifths of Egypt. Until 1958 the muhafazah was known as as-Sahra' al-Janubiyah, meaning “southern desert.” For national planning purposes, the term

Aqueduct

2005-02-20T04:41:00.000-08:00

Although

Protein, Protamines and histones

2005-02-20T04:00:00.000-08:00

Protamines are found in the sperm cells of fish. The most thoroughly investigated protamines are salmine from salmon sperm and clupeine from herring sperm. The protamines are bound to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), forming nucleoprotamines. The amino acid composition of the protamines is simple; they contain, in addition to large amounts of arginine, small amounts

Eclecticism

2005-02-19T15:49:00.000-08:00

(from Greek eklektikos, “selective”), in philosophy and theology, the practice of selecting doctrines from different systems of thought without adopting the whole parent system for each doctrine. It is distinct from syncretism—the attempt to reconcile or combine systems—inasmuch as it leaves the contradictions between them unresolved. In the sphere of abstract

Fibrosarcoma

2005-02-18T22:58:00.000-08:00

An uncommon malignant tumour of fibrous tissue found in young adults and most often occurring in the thighbone, upper arm bone, or jaw. The mass is felt before pain occurs. This tumour invades surrounding tissues, which makes complete surgical excision difficult. It often recurs and may metastasize.

Würm Glacial Stage

2005-02-18T08:56:00.000-08:00

Major division of late Pleistocene deposits and time in Alpine Europe (the Pleistocene epoch began about 1,600,000 years ago and ended about 10,000 years ago). The Würm glacial stage followed the Riss-Würm interglacial and is correlated with the Weichsel glacial stage of northern Europe and the Wisconsin glacial stage of North America. The Alpine glaciations of the Pleistocene

Samoa

2005-02-17T10:51:00.000-08:00

The assassination of the minister of public works in July 1999 continued to produce legal and political consequences in 2000. The two cabinet ministers who plotted the murder (and the son of one of them who actually committed the deed) were tried and found guilty, but their mandatory death sentences were commuted to life imprisonment. By-elections were held following the

Tafilalt

2005-02-16T17:52:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Tafilet, or Tafilalet, largest Saharan oasis of Morocco, in the southeastern part of the country. The oasis comprises the fortified villages of Erfoud, Arab Sebbah du Ziz, Rissani, Seffalat, Aoufous, and Jorf, together with palm groves stretching 30 miles (50 km) along the Wadi Ziz. Its old capital was the Berber stronghold of Sijilmassa, founded in AD 757 on the Saharan caravan route from the Niger River

Magdalena Del Mar

2005-02-16T07:19:00.000-08:00

Also called Magdalena Nueva, city and distrito (“district”) of the Lima-Callao metropolitan area of Peru, southwest of central Lima. It is bounded on the south by cliffs overlooking the Pacific Ocean. In the early 20th century the area developed as a popular resort, but it is now largely residential. The district contains the large Víctor Larco Herrera hospital complex, the Lima Cricket Club, and polo

Samoa

2005-02-15T21:50:00.000-08:00

In biology, a highly convoluted membrane within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that is important in the biosynthesis of proteins and lipids. The ER usually constitutes more than half of the membrane of the cell and is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. Endoplasmic reticulum has two distinct regions: the rough ER (RER; so-called because

Hunt, Helen

2005-02-14T16:14:00.000-08:00

It seemed that everyone was mad about Helen Hunt in 1998. The year began with the American actress winning a Golden Globe for her performance as a lonely waitress in the surprise hit film As Good as It Gets (1997). A Screen Actors Guild Award soon followed, and in March she received an Academy Award, which completed her sweep of the major American film honours for best actress. Her

Duwaym, Ad-

2005-02-14T14:11:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Ed-dueim, city, central Sudan, on the western bank of the White Nile, about 87 miles (140 km) southwest of Wad Madani and located at an elevation of 1,253 feet (382 m). It is an agricultural centre for the surrounding area, which produces cotton, cereals, oilseeds, peanuts (groundnuts), wheat, fruits, and vegetables. Industries include mechanized mills producing oils from sesame seeds and peanuts, soap

Augustus, Caesar

2005-02-13T19:22:00.000-08:00

Also called (until 27 BC) Octavian , original name Gaius Octavius , adopted name Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus first Roman emperor, following the republic, which had been finally destroyed by the dictatorship of Julius Caesar, his great-uncle and adoptive father. His autocratic regime is known as the principate because he was the princeps, the first citizen, at the head of that array of outwardly revived republican institutions that alone made his

Las Palmas

2005-02-12T18:29:00.000-08:00

Founded in 1478 at the mouth of a ravine, it was named for the abundant palms there. The city was the headquarters for the Spanish conquest of Tenerife and La Palma islands and

Biblical Literature, Syriac versions

2005-02-12T17:34:00.000-08:00

The Bible of the Syriac Churches is known as the Peshitta (“simple” translation). Though neither the reason for the title nor the origins of the versions are known, the earliest translations most likely served the needs of the Jewish communities in the region of Adiabene (in Mesopotamia), which are known to have existed as early as the 1st century CE. This probably explains

Narayanganj

2005-02-11T11:53:00.000-08:00

City, east-central Bangladesh, situated along both banks of the Lakhya River at its confluence with the Dhaleswari. The chief river port for nearby Dhaka, the city also has steamer connections with major inland ports and Chittagong. Narayanganj is the busiest trade market in the country, a collection centre for hides and skins, and a terminal market for jute. Together with

Río De La Plata, Viceroyalty Of The

2005-02-09T06:10:00.000-08:00

Spanish Virreinato Del Río De La Plata, the final of the four viceroyalties that Spain created during its colonization of Central and South America. Including the territory now comprising Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia, the new viceroyalty (established in 1776) controlled an area previously under the administration of the Viceroyalty of Peru. The decision to create a fourth viceroyalty was a

Malatesta, Sigismondo Pandolfo

2005-02-08T23:38:00.000-08:00

Sigismondo was one of three illegitimate sons of Pandolfo Malatesta, who had ruled over Brescia and Bergamo from about 1404 to 1421. Sigismondo was legitimated by Pope Martin V, but he felt no loyalty toward the papacy, which deprived his family of many of

Robbins (of Clare Market), Lionel Charles Robbins, Baron

2005-02-08T15:21:00.000-08:00

Robbins was educated at the University of London and the London School of Economics (LSE). After periods of teaching at New College, Oxford, and LSE, he was appointed professor of economics at the latter university in 1929, a position he held until 1961. Robbins was influenced

Robert Ii

2005-02-07T11:39:00.000-08:00

The son of Hugh Capet, founder of the Capetian dynasty, and Adelaide of Aquitaine, Robert was educated at the episcopal school of Reims under Gerbert of Aurillac, later Pope Sylvester II. Soon after his own coronation (July 987), Hugh prudently arranged the election and coronation (December 987) of

Bey

2005-02-06T20:51:00.000-08:00

Turkish Bey, Old Turkish Beg, Arabic Bay, or Bey, title among Turkish peoples traditionally given to rulers of small tribal groups, to members of ruling families, and to important officials. Under the Ottoman Empire a bey was the governor of a province, distinguished by his own flag (sancak, liwa). In Tunis after 1705 the title become hereditary for the country's sovereign. Later “bey” became a general title of respect in Turkish

Grazzini, Anton Francesco

2005-02-06T18:50:00.000-08:00

Apparently educated in vernacular literature, Grazzini in 1540 took part in the founding of the Accademia degli Umidi (“Academy of the Humid”), the first literary society of the time. He was a contentious individual and became

Hovey, Richard

2005-02-05T21:35:00.000-08:00

After graduating from Dartmouth in 1885, Hovey studied art and theology and in 1887 met Bliss Carman, the poet, with whom he later collaborated. Hovey lectured on aesthetics at the Farmington School of Philosophy and, for the last two years of his life, at Columbia University, where he held a post as professor

Uhland, Ludwig

2005-02-05T15:54:00.000-08:00

Uhland studied law and classical and medieval literature at the University of Tübingen. He wrote his first poems while in Tübingen, publishing Vaterländische Gedichte (“Fatherland Poems”) in 1815. It

Teresa Of ávila, Saint

2005-02-04T19:04:00.000-08:00

Also called Saint Teresa of Jesus , original name Teresa de Cepeda y Ahumada Spanish nun, one of the great mystics and religious women of the Roman Catholic church, and author of spiritual classics. She was the originator of the Carmelite Reform, which restored and emphasized the austerity and contemplative character of primitive Carmelite life. St. Teresa was elevated

Irish Sea

2005-02-03T22:48:00.000-08:00

Irish Muir Éireann arm of the North Atlantic Ocean that separates Ireland from Great Britain. The Irish Sea is bounded by Scotland on the north, England on the east, Wales on the south, and Ireland on the west. The sea is connected with the Atlantic by the North Channel between Northern Ireland and Scotland and by St. George's Channel between the southeastern tip of Ireland and southwestern

Topology, Cartesian-product spaces

2005-02-03T14:26:00.000-08:00

Starting with a pair of topological spaces X1, X2, the Cartesian product of X1 and X2 (written X1 ´ X2) may be constructed as follows: the points of X1 ´ X2 are ordered pairs (a, b) in which a X1 and b X2. Basis elements of X1 ´ X2 are sets of the form U1 ´ U2 in which U1 is a basis element of X1; U2 is a basis element of X2; and U1 ´ U2 denotes the set of all points (x1, x2) of X1 ´ X2 in which x1 U1, x2 U2. In a certain sense, the plane Â2 is the Cartesian product of two lines. Also Âm + n is the Cartesian

Aestheticism

2005-02-02T17:09:00.000-08:00

The movement began in reaction to prevailing utilitarian social philosophies and to what was perceived as the ugliness and philistinism of the industrial age. Its philosophical foundations